Executive Summary

Canadian milk production figures provided by Statistics Canada were recently updated with values spanning through the end of the first half of the ’21-’22 production season. Highlights from the updated report include:

• Canadian milk sold off farms declined on a YOY basis for the second consecutive month throughout Jan ’22, finishing down 2.2% and reaching a three year low seasonal level. Canadian milk sold off farms had finished above previous year levels over 18 consecutive months through Nov ’21, prior to declining over the two most recent months of available data.
• The Canadian milk cow herd has plateaued over the past several years following significant declines experienced since the beginning of the Canadian dairy supply management system. The Canadian milk cow herd finished 0.2% below the 13 year high level experienced throughout the previous year as of Jan 1^st, 2022.
• The USDA expects Canadian net exports of skim milk powder/nonfat dry milk will decline to a seven year low level throughout 2022, aided by the elimination of the Class 7 milk class as part of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement.

Additional Report Details

According to Statistics Canada, Jan ’22 Canadian milk sold off farms finished below previous year levels for the second consecutive month, declining by 2.2% and reaching a three year low seasonal level. Canadian milk sold off farms declined on a YOY basis throughout the months of Apr-May 2020 due to COVID-19 disruptions but rebounded to levels above previous year figures over 18 consecutive months through Nov ’21. More recently, Canadian milk production has declined by a total of 2.5% on a YOY basis throughout the two most recent months of available data.

Milk sold off farm figures typically account for approximately 95% of the milk produced within Canada, while on-farm use is estimated to account for approximately five percent of total milk produced. Canadian milk production has been historically tempered by a supply management system up until recent years when additional production quotas were implemented in an attempt to meet increasing domestic dairy demand. Increased milk production quotas have resulted in production levels finishing at record high levels over recent years.

’20-’21 annual Canadian milk sold off farms increased 2.8% on a YOY basis, reaching a record high annual level for the second consecutive year. ’21-’22 YTD Canadian milk sold off farms has declined by 0.2% on a YOY basis throughout the first half of the production season, however.

Milk produced within Canada supplies two markets – the fluid milk market, which includes milk used for direct consumption, creams and flavored milks, and the industrial milk market, which includes milk used to make dairy products including butter, cheese, milk powder, yogurt and ice cream. Over the past five years, the industrial milk market has accounted for over two-thirds of the total Canadian milk sold off farms.

’20-’21 annual Canadian milk sold for industrial purposes increased 4.8% on a YOY basis, more than offsetting a 1.9% YOY decline in milk sold for fluid purposes. Canadian milk sold for industrial purposes has increased by an additional 0.6% on a YOY basis throughout the first half of the ’21-’22 production season, despite recent declines, however the increase in milk sold for industrial purposes has been more than offset by a 2.1% YOY decline in milk sold for fluid purposes throughout the period.

Canadian milk production has reached record high levels over recent years despite milk cow figures remaining at or near the lowest figures on record. The Canadian milk cow herd has plateaued over the past several years following significant declines experienced since the beginning of the Canadian dairy supply management system. The Canadian milk cow herd finished 0.2% below the 13 year high level experienced throughout the previous year as of Jan 1^st, 2022.

Overall, the Canadian milk cow herd is equivalent to just over 10% of the total U.S. milk cow herd. When compared on a state-by-state basis, the Canadian milk cow herd is equivalent to approximately 57% of the California milk cow herd and 77% of the Wisconsin milk cow herd.

Because of the close proximity of the two countries, the U.S. has been the largest trade partner for both Canadian exports and imports of dairy products over the past several years. Canada has traditionally been a net importer of dairy products, despite heavy import tariffs, with the majority of import volumes originating from within the United States. Overall, Canada finished as the second largest importer of U.S. dairy products throughout 2021, trailing only Mexico.

Throughout 2021, the U.S. and the EU-27+UK combined to account for over 80% of Canada’s total dairy import volumes. The U.S. market share of Canadian dairy import volumes continued to outpace the EU-27+UK market share throughout the year.

Canadian net dairy imports have traditionally been led by butter and cheese, while Canada has traditionally remained a net exporter of skim milk powder/nonfat dry milk (SMP/NFDM). Canadian SMP/NFDM export volumes increased significantly throughout 2017, aided by the introduction of the newly created Class 7 milk pricing scheme used to price skim milk powder, milk protein concentrate and infant formula. The Class 7 milk pricing scheme priced the products at the lower of skim milk powder or whole milk powder prices observed throughout major dairy exporting regions, effectively guaranteeing that Canadian product will always be competitive globally.

The USDA expects Canadian net exports of SMP/NFDM will decline to a seven year low level throughout 2022, largely due to the elimination of the Class 7 milk class as part of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Under the USMCA, Canadian skim milk powder, milk protein concentrate and infant formula will be priced at U.S. nonfat dry milk price levels instead of the lowest of prices experienced throughout the major dairy exporting regions. Expanded quota levels under the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with the European Union and the Comprehensive Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) are expected to partially offset the elimination of the Class 7 milk class, however.

In addition to abolishing Canada’s Class 7 milk class, the USMCA also provides U.S. producers with access of up to 3.6% of Canada’s dairy market under a tariff-free quota, up from the previous level of approximately 1.0%. The distribution of Canada’s tariff-free quotas has been criticized, however, as allocations have discouraged high value food service and retail product imports. In early Jan ’22, U.S. Trade Representatives claimed victory in the first dispute settlement brought under the USMCA after it was found Canada reserved 80-85% of the tariff-free quota volumes to processors.